{"id":24530,"date":"2025-02-18T10:39:07","date_gmt":"2025-02-18T10:39:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stuartmillerosborne.com\/?p=24530"},"modified":"2025-02-18T10:39:07","modified_gmt":"2025-02-18T10:39:07","slug":"historical-background","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/stuartmillerosborne.com\/index.php\/2025\/02\/18\/historical-background\/","title":{"rendered":"Historical Background"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"m_8410449990829659758gmail-firstHeading\"><em>Atlakvi\u00f0a<\/em><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">6 languages<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atlakvi%C3%B0a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Article<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk:Atlakvi%C3%B0a\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Talk<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atlakvi%C3%B0a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Read<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Atlakvi%C3%B0a&amp;action=edit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Edit<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Atlakvi%C3%B0a&amp;action=history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">View history<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tools<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:WhatLinksHere\/Atlakvi%C3%B0a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChangesLinked\/Atlakvi%C3%B0a\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:SpecialPages\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Atlakvi%C3%B0a&amp;oldid=1256474082\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Atlakvi%C3%B0a&amp;action=info\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&amp;page=Atlakvi%C3%B0a&amp;id=1256474082&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAtlakvi%25C3%25B0a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAtlakvi%25C3%25B0a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atlakvi%C3%B0a#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q757387#sitelinks-wikipedia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Atlakvi%C3%B0a&amp;action=show-download-screen\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Atlakvi%C3%B0a&amp;printable=yes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q757387\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Appearancehide<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Text<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>SmallStandardLarge<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Width<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>StandardWide<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Color&nbsp;(beta)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>AutomaticLightDark<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Bildstein-Fornsalen_01.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a>The&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sigurd_stones#Hunninge_Image_Stone\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hunninge Image Stone<\/a>&nbsp;on&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gotland\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Gotland<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sweden\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sweden<\/a>, with imagery that probably refers to&nbsp;<em>Atlakvi\u00f0a<\/em>, or another story or poem on the same events. On the top of the stone, there is a man carrying a ring, who may be&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sigurd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sigurd<\/a>&nbsp;or the messenger Kn\u00e9fr\u00f8\u00f0r. On the bottom left, the scene depicts a woman watching the snake pit where Gunnar is lying.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong>Atlakvi\u00f0a<\/strong><\/em>&nbsp;(<em>The Lay of Atli<\/em>) is one of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heroic_lay\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">heroic poems<\/a>&nbsp;of the&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Poetic_Edda\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Poetic Edda<\/a><\/em>. One of the main characters is Atli who originates from&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Attila_the_Hun\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Attila the Hun<\/a>. It is one of the most archaic Eddic poems, possibly dating to as early as the 9th century. Owing to its stylistic similarity to&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hrafnsm%C3%A1l\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hrafnsm\u00e1l<\/a><\/em>&nbsp;it has been suggested that the poem might have been composed by&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%9Eorbj%C3%B6rn_Hornklofi\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u00deorbj\u00f6rn Hornklofi<\/a>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atlakvi%C3%B0a#cite_note-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atlakvi%C3%B0a#cite_note-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atlakvi%C3%B0a#cite_note-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;It is preserved in the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Codex_Regius\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Codex Regius<\/a>&nbsp;and the same story is related in the&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/V%C3%B6lsunga_saga\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">V\u00f6lsunga saga<\/a><\/em>. In the manuscript the poem is identified as Greenlandic but most scholars believe that this results from a confusion with&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atlam%C3%A1l\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Atlam\u00e1l<\/a><\/em>. The&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meter_(poetry)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">metre<\/a>&nbsp;of the poem alternates irregularly between&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/M%C3%A1lah%C3%A1ttr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">m\u00e1lah\u00e1ttr<\/a><\/em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fornyr%C3%B0islag\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">fornyr\u00f0islag<\/a><\/em>. This may be an indication that two or more original poems have been merged or that the short and long lines were not felt as constituting two different metres at the time the poem was composed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"m_8410449990829659758gmail-Historical_background\">Historical background<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Atlakvi%C3%B0a&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">edit<\/a>]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Atlakvi\u00f0a&#8217;<\/em>s subject relates to the historical interaction between&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burgundians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Burgundians<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Huns\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Huns<\/a>&nbsp;in the 5th century. The poem is the oldest surviving version of the legend about the visit of the Burgundian rulers to Atli&#8217;s court and the revenge of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gudrun\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Gu\u00f0r\u00fan<\/a>. Ultimately derived from Burgundian heroic legend, the Scandinavian literature about the subject is believed to be based on either&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Low_German\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Low German<\/a>&nbsp;models or&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gothic_language\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Gothic<\/a>&nbsp;poems that reached Scandinavia via the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baltic_region\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Baltic region<\/a>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atlakvi%C3%B0a#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinch201623-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Scholars date the composition of&nbsp;<em>Atlakvi\u00f0a<\/em>&nbsp;to around the year 900, which makes it one of the oldest lays of the&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Poetic_Edda\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Poetic Edda<\/a><\/em>. The 13th-century&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Codex_Regius\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Codex Regius<\/a>, in which the poem survives, says that it was written in Greenland, but the early composition date makes this implausible, since Greenland was not colonized until around 985. A Norwegian origin is considered likely.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atlakvi%C3%B0a#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinch201623-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;Due to stylistic similarities to the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skald\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">skaldic poem<\/a>&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hrafnsm%C3%A1l\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hrafnsm\u00e1l<\/a><\/em>, the medievalist Felix Genzmer argued that&nbsp;<em>Atlakvi\u00f0a<\/em>&nbsp;was written by that poem&#8217;s author&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%9Eorbj%C3%B6rn_Hornklofi\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u00deorbj\u00f6rn Hornklofi<\/a>&nbsp;in 872;<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atlakvi%C3%B0a#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersson197239-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;it may at least have been inspired by&nbsp;<em>Hrafnsm\u00e1l<\/em>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atlakvi%C3%B0a#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinch201623-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;The&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metre_(poetry)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">metre<\/a>&nbsp;in&nbsp;<em>Atlakvi\u00f0a<\/em>&nbsp;combines&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/M%C3%A1lah%C3%A1ttr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">m\u00e1lah\u00e1ttr<\/a><\/em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fornyr%C3%B0islag\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">fornyr\u00f0islag<\/a><\/em>, which together with stylistic variations also has led to suggestions that the poem was written by several authors. In the Scandinavian material, the same story is treated in a different way in the later poem&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atlam%C3%A1l\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Atlam\u00e1l<\/a><\/em>&nbsp;and retold in prose in the&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/V%C3%B6lsunga_saga\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">V\u00f6lsunga saga<\/a><\/em>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atlakvi%C3%B0a#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinch201623-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"m_8410449990829659758gmail-Synopsis\">Synopsis<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/a\/ACg8ocId2IV1sJe-Fk8ZkjMRvmOFERb2ZEfTs6jjgLc0A9-8z97pBA=s40-p-mo\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>miller-osborne Stuart<\/strong>&nbsp;&lt;stuartmilerosborne@gmail.com&gt;<\/td><td>Jan 9, 2025, 5:50\u202fAM<\/td><td><\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/mail.google.com\/mail\/u\/0\/images\/cleardot.gif\" alt=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/mail.google.com\/mail\/u\/0\/images\/cleardot.gif\" alt=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/mail.google.com\/mail\/u\/0\/images\/cleardot.gif\" alt=\"\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to&nbsp;me<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/mail.google.com\/mail\/u\/0\/images\/cleardot.gif\" alt=\"\"><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Joe here is the historical information you required<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I cut it from wiki&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What a useful tool it is&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Perhaps I will pop around to see you&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I so enjoyed our Wagner afternoons together&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Back to the studio now&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Enjoy the floods and the ice<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Summer is near<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Love to Sephine and Josie&nbsp; &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Berlin x<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Atlakvi\u00f0a 6 languages Tools Appearancehide Text Width Color&nbsp;(beta) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The&nbsp;Hunninge Image Stone&nbsp;on&nbsp;Gotland,&nbsp;Sweden, with imagery that probably refers to&nbsp;Atlakvi\u00f0a, or another story or poem on the same events. On the top of the stone, there is a man carrying a ring, who may be&nbsp;Sigurd&nbsp;or the messenger Kn\u00e9fr\u00f8\u00f0r. On the bottom left, the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-24530","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/stuartmillerosborne.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24530","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/stuartmillerosborne.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/stuartmillerosborne.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stuartmillerosborne.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stuartmillerosborne.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=24530"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/stuartmillerosborne.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24530\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24531,"href":"https:\/\/stuartmillerosborne.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24530\/revisions\/24531"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/stuartmillerosborne.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=24530"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stuartmillerosborne.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=24530"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stuartmillerosborne.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=24530"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}